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Treaties, pacts and axes

Mussolini watches as Hitler greets troops on the Eastern Front.

Mussolini 's 1936 agreement with Hitler led to Italy and Germany becoming allies in the Second World War.
©TopFoto

After the First World War, as European nations attempted to protect their interests, a complex set of alliances, pacts and treaties were agreed upon.

Related documents

The Geneva Protocol

Cabinet Conclusion 1. The Geneva Protocol and Security. 2 March 1925 (PDF, 1.538MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Germany: Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. 1 October 1924 (PDF, 1.442MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. The Geneva Protocol and Security. Memorandum by the Chairman of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 19 February 1925 (PDF, 29.981MB)

The Locarno Treaties of 1925

Cabinet Memorandum. Draft Treaty of Mutual Guarantee. 27 June 1925 (PDF, 0.729MB)

Cabinet Conclusion 1. Foreign Affairs. 13 August 1925 (PDF, 2.777MB)

The Kellogg-Briand Pact

Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 9 August 1927 (PDF, 0.260MB)

Italy and the collapse of the Locarno system

Cabinet Memorandum. London Naval Conference, 1930. Memorandum respecting proposals to be submitted by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom to the Conference. (Not dated) (PDF, 9.697MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. The London Naval Treaty, 1930. 22 April 1930 (PDF, 6.639MB)

The Four Power Pact

Cabinet Conclusion 2. Reduction and Limitation of Armaments. 20 September 1933 (PDF, 6.784MB)

Cabinet Conclusion 1. Reduction and Limitation of Armaments. 22 November 1933 (PDF, 3.860MB)

Cabinet Conclusion 1. Reduction and Limitation of Armaments. 22 March 1934 (PDF, 2.290MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Reduction and Limitation of Armaments: Policy of the United Kingdom Delegation at Geneva. 9 May 1933 (PDF, 3.168MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Four-Power Agreement. Note by the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs circulated by direction of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 23 May 1933 (PDF, 1.992MB)

German rearmament

Cabinet Conclusion 2. Possible British Contribution to Security. 14 January 1935 (PDF, 3.945MB)

Cabinet Conclusion 2. Reduction and Limitation of Armaments: Germany and the Armament Conference. 18 October 1933 (PDF, 3.616MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Withdrawal of Germany from the Disarmament Conference. Note by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 17 October 1933 (PDF, 3.724MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Material for deciding British Policy in view of Germany's withdrawal from the Disarmament Conference. 20 October 1933 (PDF, 3.214MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Committee on German Re-Armament: Report. 18 December 1934 (PDF, 3.776MB)

Cabinet Conclusions. The Stresa Conference. 8 April 1935 (PDF, 3.197MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. German Rearmament. 25 November 1935 (PDF, 2.923 MB)

Cabinet Memorandum. Notes on Anglo-German conversations, held at the Chancellors Palace, Berlin, on March 25 and 26, 1935 (PDF, 9.382MB)

Search using Locarno Treaty Treaty of Versailles Hoare-Laval Plan Anti-Comintern Pact

Further reading

Marks, S., The Illusion of Peace International Relations in Europe 1918-1933 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976)
Ross, G., The Great Powers and the Decline of the European States System 1914-1945 (London and New York: Longman, 1983)

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