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Record revealed

Freddie Mercury’s naturalisation certificate

Freddie Mercury was naturalised as a British citizen in 1969. This record tells the story of how he emigrated from Zanzibar to the UK and became a rock music icon.

Black and white photograph of Freddie Mercury singing into a microphone

Why this record matters

Date
2 June 1969
Catalogue reference
HO 334/1421/117889

Freddie Mercury (1946–1991) is known to millions as the lead singer of the rock band Queen. He is widely celebrated for his powerful vocals and songwriting talent. Freddie was born Farrokh Bulsara in 1946 in Zanzibar, then a British Protectorate in the Indian Ocean just off the coast of East Africa. He and his family arrived in Feltham, West London in October 1964.

Zanzibar had been a British Protectorate since 1890. It was a key centre of trade for spices, in particular cloves, nutmeg, pepper and cinnamon. Under the Zanzibar Act, passed by the UK government in December 1963, the territory was no longer part of the British Empire. Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy (in which the monarch is head of state but the country is governed by elected officials) within the Commonwealth under the Sultan of Zanzibar. A month later, the Sultan was overthrown during the Zanzibar Revolution and a republic was established. In April 1964 the Republic of Zanzibar joined with Tanganyika, the mainland, and was known thereafter as Tanzania.

Freddie and his family were among a number of British colonial staff and their families who left Zanzibar in the aftermath of the revolution. Settling in Feltham, Freddie enrolled in the graphic art and design course at the Ealing Technical College and School of Art (now part of the University of West London). In 1969 Freddie graduated college and became a British citizen by naturalisation. This is the legal process by which a person changes their nationality. To do this, he had to complete this form detailing personal information including his full name, birthplace, residence, and father's name. The form was then approved by the Home Office. The National Archives holds most of the surviving paperwork for successful naturalisations, up until 1986, including Freddie's.

In the early 1970s, Freddie sang in bands in London. He became friends with Brian May and Roger Taylor, forming Queen in 1970. Freddie changed his name by deed poll at around this time. He appears to have opted not to enrol (make public record) this change of name with the High Court, so there is no permanent record of this in the public records. This is common, as enrolling a change of name by deed poll was more expensive and not a legal requirement.

Queen broke through in Britain in 1974. Their popularity soared with the release of Bohemian Rhapsody in October 1975, which stayed at number one for nine weeks. By the early 1980s, Queen were drawing enormous crowds to their elaborately staged concerts. The band appeared at Live Aid in 1985 with Freddie’s spectacular performance going on to be a key cultural moment in musical history. The band continued to record and release music throughout the 1980s.

On 23 November 1991 Freddie announced that he had been diagnosed with AIDS. He died from complications arising from his illness the following day. Freddie was 45 years old. Queen continued to release music after his death and his voice was still featuring in their work as late as 1995.

In 2022, the US Library of Congress included Bohemian Rhapsody in the National Recording Registry. It is catalogued as: ‘an over the top musical thrill ride whose six minutes contained more technology-stretching bravado than most bands’ entire careers.’