A symbol similar to a number 9 after a word ending in a consonant, usually indicates that the letters us have been left out. |
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The abbreviation tnc with a stroke above the c is used for tunc. |
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The abbreviation m with a superscript o is used for modo. |
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A mark or loop above a t can indicate that the letters er have been left out. |
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A stroke upon the last letter of a word, when this letter is a vowel, usually indicates that the letter m or n should be added to the end of the word. In the majority of documents this will appear as a horizontal stroke. |
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This is an abbreviation for the nominative and accusative plural of homo, hominis (m.) |
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This is an abbreviation for teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum (2). |
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The word dominus, -i (m.) is abbreviated to dni with a stroke above the i, indicating that the letters omi have been missed out. This is common in all words which have a domi prefix, such as dominicus, -a, -um, and is indicated by an abbreviation mark above the word |
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The abbreviation which resembles a semi-colon or sometimes the number ‘3’ is used for the us ending of datives and ablative plurals. |
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When the letter p has a horizontal stroke through its descender, this usually means that the letters er or ar should be added to make per or par. |
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When the letter p has a loop on the left hand side of the descender, this usually means that the letters ro should be added to make pro. |
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A stroke through the ascender of a letter, such as b, l or h means that the letters ‘er’ have been left out. |
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Words for units of money, such as libra, libre (f.), solidus, -i (m.) and denarius, -ii (m.) ‘penny’ are usually abbreviated to either the first letter or the first two or three letters of the respective words, with the last letter having a horizontal stroke through it. |
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This is an abbreviation for the verb reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum (3). |
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This is an abbreviation for the verb valeo, valere, valui, valitum (2) and is abbreviated to val with a horizontal line through the l. val[et] |
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t. r. e. or t. R. E. is used for tempore Regis Edwardi (‘at the time of King Edward’) and refers to King Edward the Confessor. It is often translated as ‘before 1066’. |
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This is an example of the ampersand sign which means et. It can take several forms, but in this instance it is very similar to a sign for ‘and’ in modern English and so should be easier to recognise. |
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In this document, this symbol is also used to represent et. |
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